Established in 1939 as the Chaiyaphum Highway Section, under the Nakhon Ratchasima Highway District.
In 1949, upgraded to the Chaiyaphum Highway District, under the Nakhon Ratchasima Highway District.
In 1988, transferred to the Phetchabun Highway District.
In 1994, transferred to Highway Office 5 (Khon Kaen).
In 2015, renamed the Chaiyaphum Highway District, under Highway Office 7 (Khon Kaen).

The Highway District has the following powers and duties:
1. Planning routine maintenance, special maintenance, scheduled maintenance, rehabilitation work, and road condition maintenance.
2. Planning and implementing operations according to the planned operations.
3. Maintaining machinery and vehicles.
4. Working with or supporting the work of other relevant or assigned agencies.

The Highway Section has the following powers and duties:
Conducting routine maintenance and road condition construction work.
Inspecting highway boundaries.
Controlling and supervising encroachment on highway boundaries.
Inspecting applications for permits for road connections, pole installation, power line installation, etc.